ABSTRACT
Background: To investigate the hematological and biochemical parameters in pre – dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and compared with the normal individuals. Methods: The samples of CKD patients (n= 30) belong to both genders were collected from different tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan and compared with normal individuals (n = 30) not suffering from any disease used as control. Results: 18 of CKD patients and 19 from normal groups were male and 12 from CKD and 11 from normal group were female. The average age (yr) was 38 ± 12.06 for normal group and 44 ± 09.10 for CKD. The mean height (cm) of normal subjects was 163 ± 6.87 and body weights (kg) were 71.04 ± 10.12. Mean height of CKD group was 165.3 ± 7.79 and weights were 64.35 ± 12.23. Higher magnitudes of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine were found as 85.63 ± 56.11 and 6.86 ± 3.42 mg/dL respectively in CKD group. Hemoglobin, red blood cells (RBCs), pack cell volume, lymphocytes and eosinophils were found significantly (p<0.01) very low while white blood cells, monocytes and neutrophils were found high (p<0.01) in CKD patients. Conclusions: Findings concluded that hematological parameters were severely affected in CKD patients as compared to normal controls. Kidney dysfunction in turn not only affects the erythropoietin synthesis that normally stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBC’s but also the synthesis of rennin and Vitamin D that normally regulates blood volume and blood pressures and involves in making bones respectively.
ABSTRACT
The study was focused on investigating the effect of Centratherum anthelminticum ethanolic seed extract in fructose-induced type 2 insulin resistance diabetic rabbits after determining its qualitative analysis, acute toxicity, and effect on glucose tolerance. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tanins, gallotannins, phlabotanins, phenols resins, saponins, and steroids. The same extract was found completely harmless up to 3000 mg/kg by showing no sign of acute toxicity in experimental rabbits. In oral glucose tolerance test, all doses (200-600mg/kg) of seed extract effectively produced percent reduction in blood glucose levels at 60 and 120 min. However, its high doses (400 and 600mg/kg) efficiently induced percent reduction (-10 to - 11.9%) in post-prandial blood glucose level after 30 min as compared to diabetic control group. Similarly, the oral administration of same three doses (200-600 mg/kg) of extract for 14 days consecutively were found effective in decreasing blood glucose and serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, low- & very low-density lipoproteins while increasing high-density lipoprotein in fructose-induced type 2 diabetic test rabbits. In addition, fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI) was also decreased by normalizing insulin levels in these test groups as compared to fructose-induced type 2 diabetic control group (P<0.05). Therefore it is concluded that ESEt of C. anthelminticum would be effective in improving hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperinsulinemia in fructose-induced type 2 diabetic rabbits by either decreasing insulin resistance or inhibiting fructose absorption in intestine.